sidebar) is still not a large part of the program. There are no schools that focus on the education of design researchers at the undergraduate level and just a handful that focus on it at the graduate level. But this is rapidly changing. In Delft 10 years ago, individual design students explored generative and other participatory design methods. Over the past decade they became part of the mainstream curriculum and focus of research.

Designers are now educated at the graduate level with a basis in general design methods as well as more knowledge from social sciences and more emphasis on facilitation and research than in earlier years. But by and large, designers and design researchers are finding their own way.

Design graduates are not necessarily working in the design discipline in which they had received training because there are so many other options, such as interaction design, social design, and service design. Service design, in particular, requires the collaboration and integration of many disciplines.

2044: A SLICE IN TIME

Obviously, creating a bulleted list of how we will live in 2044 is guesswork, but we will go ahead and speculate about (not predict) how we will live, work, and design in the future. Those who read this now will probably have a tough time in 2044 coping with the new mindsets and ways of being, just like those who thrived in a paper-based world in 1984 are uneasy with all the changes now.

First and foremost, design will play
an increasingly large and significant
role:
• Everyone designs.

• Design is a collective activity.

• Funding for frugal innovation [ 5] has surpassed funding for technological innovation, with the funding sources coming from collaborations between the public and private sectors.

• We understand the need for a balance between the real and the virtual ways of living and working, and we know how to achieve it.

However, not everyone chooses to stay in balance.

• Arts and crafts that were traditionally practiced by either males or females have intersected and

EMERGING AREAS FOR DESIGN RESEARCH AND PRACTICE

Service design and design fiction are just two of the emerging areas for design research and practice that are receiving attention. This figure positions a number of the new approaches relative to each other and across different timeframes. Movements of design are emerging across timescales: the world as it is (inner ring), the near future (middle ring), and the speculative future (outer ring).

Note that the diagram is radial and positions the designing-with mindset on the right and the designing-for mindset to the left. The diagram shows where service design and design fiction sit in relation to the other trends and approaches. At the center of the diagram is the traditional core of designing. The three timeframes emanate outward from the core. The first layer around the core refers the world as it is, the second layer to the near future, and the third layer to the speculative future.

In the segment to the right, service design and social design are usually seen as manifestations of the intent to serve people. In the middle, user experience and embodied interaction aim to engage people. In the segment to the left, design interventions and critical design intend to provoke or stir people up. Design fiction sits midway between engaging and provoking on the outside layer of the speculative future. What will sit between serving and engaging in the speculative future? (Adapted from [ 7])

design fiction embodied
interaction
critical
design
design
interventions r
user
experience
service
design
social
design

for designing with
provoking
engaging
serving

MAIN STORY DIAGRAM

This diagram gives an overview of the storylines we discussed.

WHAT

result of designing

WHO design FOR consumers design WITH users design BY people

1984 2014 2044

WHY

methods
and
location of
designing
the roles and
professions
that
participate in
(co)designing
the values that
guide design
decisions
product interaction
person-product
multiple relations between
people, products, services,
infrastructures
plus diverse inter-related
networked activities
net works of diverse
teams and individuals
plus collaborative sessions,
also on location of use
teams and groups involving
users and stakeholders
sales and long-term relations
social issues
multiple values,
not reducible to
a single dimension
sketching, modeling,
programming
in the office
solo professional
working from
brief by client
sales in
the marketplace
NOVEMBER–DECEMBER 2014 INTERACTIONS 31 INTERACTIONS.ACM.ORG