Interactions - January/February 2019

topography. Despite talk of disruption, it often seems that digital technology simply reinforces and reproduces the existing patterns of industry, commerce, health, and government.

The patterns remain whilst the digital geology has shifted beneath.

What would these institutions be like if developed from the digital ground up?

In health, the demarcation between medical doctor, nurse, surgeon, family doctor, and health visitor is partly due to different and essential abilities, skills, and experience built up through training and practice. Yet it also reflects more superficial delineations: the physical boundaries of hospital walls and the information boundaries between specialized, but often rote, knowledge of bone, tissue, and drugs.

Digital technology transcends walls and distance, and makes raw information available to all. A new Wellness Village at Llanelli will challenge some of these boundaries, and, of course, digital technology will be at the heart of this transformation [ 2].

Large factories and mass production harness the efficiencies of scale through continuous production, with specialized parts shipped around the world, but flexible manufacture and digital fabrication remove many of the drivers for size.

More radically, the centralized logistics of production and distribution, replicated by global corporations no matter how disruptive, are but a relic of a financial past, and crucially due to the fundamental nature of money.

Money has two roles: the transfer of value and the transfer of information.

The former was the oldest reason
for coinage or tokens of value, but
it is the latter, the hidden hand of
economics, that has driven the success
Between Swansea and Cardiff, the
Tawe, Neath, Ely, Taff, and Rhymney
rivers flow gray-silted into the sea.

They rise inland in low mountains to the north, Hydra-like splitting and bifurcating, running up deep-gouged vales that once were the South Wales mining valleys, the powerhouses of industrial revolution: copper, iron, and steam coal, making first Swansea and then Cardiff the largest ports in the world.

The pattern of water flow is much as you would expect from any mountain area: Myriad tiny streams tumble down valley sides, joining to become rivers, yet choked with coal dust decades after the last deep mine closed. I remember as a schoolchild falling into the Taff whilst rowing and finding the mud below the river bottom as deep as the water above.

It was a thick, oozing substance that seemed to want to hold you, sucking you into its pungent heart, just as the flowing slurry of coal-tip had claimed the children of Aberfan years before.

It is a river pattern typical to a
mountain area, until you look at the
underlying geology. The area is a
syncline, a basin-like structure where
the inner parts sank and the outer
edges rose, exposing easily accessed
coal measures at the periphery and
suggesting the potential for deep mining
within. It is the geology that made the
industrial history of the area possible in
the days before seismic surveys, but it
is also a geology at odds with the rivers
that flow over it.

Given the basin effect, you might imagine a large lake with a single outflow like Niagara Falls, or a circular fan-like pattern of smaller rivers running toward one another into a single massive water flow that punches through to the sea. But this is not what the maps show.

In school we were taught that the rivers form what is known as a superimposed drainage pattern: They were there before the syncline formed, and, as the geology shifted beneath them, they cut their way through the shifting rocks, leaving a legacy of the landscape before [ 1].

A few months ago, I became director of the Computational Foundry at Swansea University, a new initiative to grow digital research capacity in Wales for the good of the region, nation, and world. Swansea was once known as Copperopolis, the heart of the global copper industry, and the Foundry takes its name from the numerous copper works that lined the lower reaches of the Tawe, bringing jobs to many, wealth to some, and ecological despoliation to all.

Looking at digital technology, I wonder if the patterns of digitality are merely a relic of the industrial revolution and the merchant age before, just as the rivers of the South Wales valleys reflect a 100-million-year-old