more powerful, and that fallacy is that compute power should always be used to give the human the best experience. When computers were slow and expensive, programmers were able to avoid dealing with the human question by pointing out that storing data in a compact numerical form resulted in better efficiency and use of an expensive resource. As computers became cheap and pervasive, many people pointed out that these efficiencies were no longer as strictly necessary as they used to be.

Those of us who continue to program near bare metal have never really let go of this cherished orthodoxy, but KV must, grudgingly, very grudgingly, admit that the other camp might have a point here. A few bytes here, a few instructions there, they do add up, but often saving them is not worth the effort, unless it leads either to incorrect results or to increased complexity, which usually leads to incorrect results (see the previous section of this column).

Unless what you are processing, storing, or transmitting are, quite literally, strings that come from and are meant to be shown to humans, you should avoid processing, storing, or transmitting that data as strings. Remember, numbers are for computers, strings are for humans. Let the computer do the work of presenting your data to the humans in a form they might find palatable. That is where those extra bytes and instructions should be spent, not doing the inverse.

KV

Related articles on queue.acm.org

Time Is an illusion

George Neville-Neil

https://queue.acm.org/detail.cfm?id=2878574

Time, but Faster

Theo Schlossnagle, Circonus

https://queue.acm.org/detail.cfm?id=3036398

There Is No Now

Justin Sheehy

https://queue.acm.org/detail.cfm?id=2745385

George V. Neville-Neil ( kv@acm.org) is the proprietor of Neville-Neil Consulting and co-chair of the ACM Queue editorial board. He works on networking and operating systems code for fun and profit, teaches courses on various programming-related subjects, and encourages your comments, quips, and code snips pertaining to his

Communications column.

Copyright held by author.

maintain or reconstruct the ordering of events, and this ordering often must be maintained so that the system as a whole can function properly. Some systems can operate without needing to know the time of day; instead, they depend on a total ordering of events, as established by Leslie Lamport—who ACM honored with a Turing Award for bothering to figure out that little problem (see https://amturing.acm.org/award_ winners/ lamport_1205376.cfm).

There remains a class of systems that actually do care about the very human time of day, such as credit-card processing. If your payment to the bank is not timestamped with the appropriate time of day (for example, midnight on the first day of the month), then you are going to be subject to interest and penalty payments that will likely make you even angrier than KV. Time also plays an important role in many non-banking security protocols. Get a comparison backward, or let it roll over to 0 or to a negative value, and the security of the system is broken. The number of attacks on systems based on time fills a large number of papers and books on computer security.

Computers, it should be pointed out, like to work with numbers. Strings are for humans, and so the idea of storing something as integral as time in a string is ridiculous on the face of it. The only way to know if X came before Y with a string-formatted time is to convert the times into something easily comparable (that is, integers) and then to have the computer do the comparison by math, which computers are very good at.

The number of times that a human will be looking at any of this data to make the same comparison is minuscule, which is the whole reason that pretty much all computer languages have a time data structure that can be both easily compared and that, hopefully, is resistant to misinterpretation. Not that we cannot get time wrong as an integer; we can, but it is far less likely than getting it wrong when stored as a string and converted before the math happens. Find your language’s provided time type and use it, and check for errors on every comparison.

The second fallacy under which your software was written has become more common as computers have become

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