tion in dependability and engineering of trustworthy systems, notably
through the ARTEMIS and ECSEL
private-public partnerships. Example
projects include Pegasus, funded by
the German Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Energy and involving all major German OEMs and Tier 1
companies to produce mechanisms to
test and formally verify autonomous
vehicles. And SCOTT is examining
frameworks to enable development
of secure and connected trustworthy
things primarily for the rail-transport
industries.
35 Separately, the TrustLite
security framework from the Intel
Collaborative Research Institute for
Secure Computing (a collaboration of
TU Darmstadt, University of Helsinki,
and other European security institutes) have produced an Execution-Aware Memory Protection Unit that
provides programmable operating
system-independent isolation of software modules at runtime for low-cost
embedded devices.
IoT/CPS systems are constantly
monitoring homes, factories, cars,
and more, and while understanding
these processes can make them more
efficient, sustainable, and safe, they
can expose privacy concerns. The most
prominent European initiative affect-
ing IoT/CPS data gathering is that of
the General Data Protection Regula-
tion (GDPR) regarding data protection
for individuals in the EU and its eco-
nomic area.
36 The European approach
to privacy is that, through GDPR, all the
requirements of data domains and ter-
ritories are consolidated into a single
coherent and well-defined regulation.
One aspect of this is that a data owner
must prove its data protection reason-
ably matches the current state of the art,
which in turn uniquely drives practical
anonymization research. Researchers
aim to demonstrate privacy shortfalls
to make schemes more robust. For ex-
ample, U.K. and Belgium researchers37
were able to prove it took only four lo-
cation points to be able to uniquely
identify someone 95% of the time and
that data coarsening and noise addi-
tion do not help. This was followed by
Gadotti et al.,
23 who showed privacy
techniques using “sticky noise” could
be easily infiltrated. All European citi-
zens, as well as those only visiting Eu-
rope, are covered by GDPR, meaning its
effect reaches much farther than just
Europe.
Conclusion
We have drawn out three views of
IoT/CPS systems the European approach to research contributes to in
its own unique way, though European
researchers continue to collaborate
across the globe to address the many
challenges associated with these systems. This subject continues to grow
and, with it, new problems. For example, as such systems contribute to
the autonomy of cars, water networks,
precision farms, and more, the more
we need to be able to understand how
to engineer them and provide guarantees regarding their operation. However, as we do not fully understand
how digital systems interact with the
physical world, we do not yet have such
guarantees. We thus need a science
of cyber-physical interaction; related
design principles will then emerge,
much as they have in other engineering disciplines. Given the importance
of the communications substructure
for such systems, the jury is still out as
to which protocol (or set) will win.
There are many players in the LPWA
game, but the big question is what will
be the effect of the promised 5G suite
of solutions? Finally, as these systems
take more control of our lives, their
ethical approach is key, including the
ability to maintain privacy while still
being useful. Indeed, their security is
of paramount importance, as being
able to hack a water network or autonomous vehicle could mean disaster.
There is plenty of research for Europe
and beyond to consider.
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Julie A. McCann is a professor of computer systems
in the Department of Computing at Imperial College,
London, U.K.
Gian Pietro Picco is a professor in the Department of
Information Engineering and Computer Science at the
University of Trento, Italy.
Alex Gluhak is head of technology at Digital Catapult,
Guildford, U.K.,
Karl Henrik Johansson is a professor in the School of
Electrical Engineering and Computer Science at KTH
Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden.
Martin Törngren is a professor of embedded control
systems in the Department of Machine Design at KTH
Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden.
Laila Gide is Past-President, ARTEMIS Industry
Association, and Past-Director, Advanced Studies Europe
in the Corporate Strategy, Marketing and Technical
Directorate, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
Copyright held by authors/owners.