100 observations, we observed the
lowest displacement rates among
sales representatives and nurses.
Moreover, a number of occupations
with fewer observations (such as real
estate agents, veterinarians, professors, and religious professionals) reported no offshoring displacement.
In addition to providing a basis for
comparison with the IT worker population, data from these other occupations provides preliminary support
for the hypothesis that employees
providing more personally delivered
services are generally less vulnerable
to offshoring than occupations that
need not be in a fixed location (such as
computer programmers and machine
operators).
services must be co-located with the
markets being served. If a firm’s cus-
tomers are all located in the U.S., it
will offshore jobs that do not require
personal interaction with the U.S.
market. However, if a firm does busi-
ness in overseas markets, employers
will also hire offshore workers who
table 3. correlations between offshoring destinations and type of work.
type of Position offshored
customer
Reason
occupational attributes
country total
India 236
china 128
u.S. Territories 74
Mexico 63
canada 47
Other 43
Germany 41
Philippines 37
united Kingdom 37
France 33
brazil 31
Argentina 23
Italy 23
Japan 23
Australia 22
Other europe 21
Poland 20
russia 20
Taiwan 20
** p<.01 *p<.05, n=458.
For “Type of Position,” we report correlations between whether a firm reports offshoring to a country
and whether it reports offshoring a particular worker type. For “reason,” we report correlations between
whether a firm reports offshoring to a country and whether wages are a principal reason it did so.
it
. 43**
–.08
–.06
–.08
.01
–.06
.04
.08
–.06
–.01
–.00
.00
.02
.01
.02
–.03
.02
.09
.05
marketing management Sales
–. 14** –.08 –. 16**
.03 .05 .05
. 18** . 16** . 15**
. 10.05 .05
. 22** . 26** .04
–.07 .03 –.05
. 20** . 26** . 15**
.01 .03 –.02
. 22** . 20** . 24**
. 23** . 17** . 10
. 27** . 17** . 18
. 13** .07 .09
. 29** . 22** . 19**
. 15** . 18** . 20**
. 26** . 29** . 20**
.00 . 14** .07
.01 .05 .03
. 11** .05 –.01
. 11** . 10* .08
Wages
. 40**
. 11**
–. 30**
.09*
–.01
–. 17**
–.09*
.09*
–. 15**
–. 13**
–.09*
–.01
–.07
–.07
–.06
–.07
.05
–.04
.06
table 4. Worker displacement levels by occupation.
occupation
engineer
Machine Operator/Assembly
IT Manager/network Administrator
Other computer or Internet Specialty
engineering Technician
Other Health care Professional
Maintenance/Mechanic/repair Worker
Sales representative, retail
Food Preparation/Service Worker
Other Profession
Administrative Assistant/Secretary
Other Financial Professional
Transportation/equipment Operator
Sales representative, Other
nurse, nurse Practitioner, or Physician’s Assistant
Total
a Table includes only occupations with at least 100 samples in the survey.
N
180
359
123
248
222
265
141
270
150
1,431
725
281
213
334
305
5,247
Displaced
10.00%
8.36%
8.13%
7.26%
6.76%
5.28%
4.96%
4.07%
4.00%
3.91%
3.45%
2.85%
2.82%
2.40%
0.98%
5.0%