EDITOR Hugh Dubberly hugh@dubberly.com

What is Interaction?
Are There Different Types?
Hugh Dubberly

Dubberly Design Office | hugh@dubberly.com

Paul Pangaro

Cybernetic Lifestyles | pan@pangaro.com

Usman Haque

Haque Design + Research Ltd. | usman@haque.co.uk

When we discuss computer-human interaction and design for interaction, do we agree on the meaning of the term “interaction”? Has the subject been fully explored? Is the definition settled?

A Design-Theory View

Meredith Davis has argued that interaction is not the special province of computers alone. She points out that printed books invite interaction and that designers consider how readers will interact with books. She cites Massimo Vignelli’s work on the

National Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Birds as an example of particularly thoughtful design for interaction [ 1].

Richard Buchanan shares Davis’s broad view of interaction. Buchanan contrasts earlier design frames (a focus on form and, more recently, a focus on meaning and context) with a relatively new design frame (a focus on interaction) [ 2]. Interaction is a way of framing the relationship between people and objects designed for them—and thus a way of framing the activity of design. All man-made objects offer the possibility for interaction, and all design activities can be viewed as design for interaction. The same is true not only of objects but also of spaces, messages, and systems. Interaction is a key aspect of function, and function is a key aspect of design.

Davis and Buchanan expand the way we look at design and suggest that artifact-human interaction be a criterion for evaluating the results of all design work. Their point of view raises the question: Is interaction with a static object different from interaction with a dynamic system?

An HCI View

Canonical models of computer-human interaction are based on an archetypal structure—the feedback loop. Information flows from a system (perhaps a computer or a car) through a person and back through the system again. The person has a goal; she acts to achieve it in an environment (provides input to the system); she measures the effect of her action on the environment (interprets output from the system; feedback) and then compares result with goal. The comparison (yielding difference or congruence) directs her next action, beginning the cycle again. This is a simple self-correcting system—more technically, a first-order cybernetic system.

[ 1] Davis, M. “Toto, I’ve Got a Feeling We’re Not in Kansas Anymore….” interactions 15, no. 5 (2008).

Man

[ 2] Buchanan, R. “Branzi’s Dilemma: Design in contemporary culture.” Design Issues 14, no. 1 (1998).

Receptors

Effectors

Displays

Controls

Mechanisms

[ 3] Maldonado, T. and G. Bonsiepe. “Science and Design,” Journal of the Ulm School for Design 10/11. HfG Ulm, Ulm, 1964.

January + February 2009

Input

Output