cost of doing so. First, even the most efficient wrapper adds some cost in terms of memory and execution speed (and wrappers are often far from efficient). Second, for a widely used API, the wrapper will be written thousands of times, whereas getting the API right in the first place needs to be done only once. Third, more often than not, the wrapper creates its own set of problems: the .NET Select() function is a wrapper around the underlying C function; the .NET version first fails to fix the poor interface of the original, and then adds its own share of problems by omitting the return value, getting the time-out wrong, and passing lists instead of sets. So, while creating a wrapper can help to make bad APIs more usable, that does not mean that bad APIs do not matter: two wrongs don’t make a right, and unnecessary wrappers just lead to bloatware.

 

how to do Better

There are a few guidelines to use when designing an API. These are not sure-fire ways to guarantee success, but being aware of these guidelines and taking them explicitly into account during design makes it much more likely that the result will turn out to be usable. The list is necessarily incomplete—doing the topic justice would require a large book. Nevertheless, here are a few of my favorite things to think about when creating an API.

An API must provide sufficient functionality for the caller to achieve its task. This seems obvious: an API that provides insufficient functionality is not complete. As illustrated by the inability of Select() to wait more than 35 minutes, however, such insufficiency can go undetected. It pays to go through a checklist of functionality during the design and ask, “Have I missed anything?”

An API should be minimal, without imposing undue inconvenience on the caller. This guideline simply says “smaller is better.” The fewer types, functions, and parameters an API uses, the easier it is to learn, remember, and use correctly. This minimalism is important. Many APIs end up as a kitchen sink of convenience functions that can be composed of other, more fundamental functions. (The C++ standard string class with its

a big problem with
aPi documentation
is that it is usually
written after the
aPi is implemented,
and often written by
the implementer.

more than 100 member functions is an example. After many years of programming in C++, I still find myself unable to use standard strings for anything nontrivial without consulting the manual.) The qualification of this guideline, without imposing undue inconvenience on the caller, is important because it draws attention to real-world use cases. To design an API well, the designer must have an understanding of the environment in which the API will be used and design to that environment. Whether or not to provide a nonfundamental convenience function depends on how often the designer anticipates that function will be needed. If the function will be used frequently, it is worth adding; if it is used only occasionally, the added complexity is unlikely to be worth the rare gain in convenience.

The Unix kernel violates this guideline with wait(), waitpid(), wait3(), and wait4(). The wait4() function is sufficient because it can be used to implement the functionality of the first three. There is also waitid(), which could almost, but not quite, be implemented in terms of wait4(). The caller has to read the documentation for all five functions in order to work out which one to use. It would be simpler and easier for the caller to have a single combined function instead. This is also an example of how concerns about backward compatibility erode APIs over time: the API accumulates crud that, eventually, does more damage than the good it ever did by remaining backward compatible. (And the sordid history of stumbling design remains for all the world to see.)

APIs cannot be designed without an understanding of their context. Consider a class that provides access to a set of name value pairs of strings, such as environment variables:

 

class NVPairs {
public string
lookup(string name);
// ...

}

 

The lookup method provides access to the value stored by the named variable. Obviously, if a variable with the given name is set, the function re-